Direct & Indirect Speech

การนำคำพูดของคนอื่น ๆ ไปบอกเล่าใครฟังมีวิธีพูดได้ 2 วิธีคือ
1. ยกคำพูดเดิมไปบอกทั้งหมด (Direct Speech)
      Nicole says, "I am going to the movie."
     Judy says to me,  "get out"
2. ดัดแปลงคำพูดเดิมเป็นคำพูดของผู้เล่าเอง (Indirect Speech)
      Nicole says that she is going to the movies.
     Judy tells me to get out.
การเปลี่ยนประโยคคำพูดจาก  Direct Speech  หรือ  Indirect Speech   มี 3 ประเภท
1.  Indirect Speech     -       Statement
2.  Indirect Speech     -       Questions
3.  Indirect Speech     -       Command or Request
การเปลี่ยนประโยคคำพูดเป็น   Indirect Speech   ยึดหลัก 4 ข้อดังนี้
1.  เปลี่ยนแปลง Tense
2.  เปลี่ยนแปลง Personal pronoun
3.  เปลี่ยนแปลง Nearness เป็น  Distance
4.  เปลี่ยนแปลง Reporting Verb  (กริยาในประโยคนำ)
I.    Indirect Speech   -   Statements
         กฏการเปลี่ยน  Direct Statement  เป็น  Indirect Statement
1. เอาเครื่องหมายคำพูดออก (Question mark)
2. เปลี่ยน   says                  say that        ,   said             said that
                 say  to               tell                 ,   said to         told
3. เปลี่ยนสรรพนามให้เหมาะสม
4. เปลี่ยนคำต่อไปนี้  จากใกล้   ไกล

 5. เข้า  Verb  ใน  Direct Statement  เป็น  Present  ไม่ต้องเปลี่ยนแปลง  Tense  เมื่อทำเป็น  Indirect Statement  แต่ถ้า  Verb ใน  D.S.  เป็น  Present  ต้องเปลี่ยนแปลง  Tense ใน  Indirect Statement เป็น   more past  เช่น

                Present Simple                    Past Simple   
                Present Continuous            Past Continuous
                Present Perfect                    Past Perfect
                Past Continuous                  Past Perfect Continuous
                Future Form                          Future in the Past Forms

Example  :   
1.  He says , "I can swim."
       He says that he can swim
2.  He says to me, "I love you."
      He tells me that he loves me.
3.  He said , "I love you."
       He said that he love me.
4.  She said to me, "I picked a rose yesterday."
       she told me that she had picked a rose the bay before.
5.  Bill said, "I am reading now."
       Bill said that he was reading then.

Valantine's Day

February is a month filled with the joy of love. Concern to the people. Our best wishes andI was happy. And is recognized around the world that February 14 is the day of love or Valentine's Day and today is considered a symbol of Cupid or Cupid. Valentine's Day, the most famous. Cupid was the son of Venus and Mars, but that the Greeks called Eros, Cupid's Cupid, the man the world has known.It is a little boy holding a bow and arrow. I love to have the mind to the Cupid and his arrows into. Mark of love is the most known and has frequently mentioned his love of shooting in the love between two hearts to love, to love, Cupid, so we called down to listen to on his. With the history and significance. Today it's different.
Valentine's season started in the era of imperial power in the Roman era, the 14th day of February every year. Be treated as a holiday in honor of the goddess Juno, who was. Empress of the Roman gods, then he is also a god. Woman sex and marriage, and on February 15 as the start of the festival. Luke Perry and celebrate the lives of car she is young. Completely cut off from each other in the reign of the Emperor Claudio Assumption 2 (Emperor Claudius II) of Rome, he is a king. The popular mood and fierce and bloody war. He realized why. Most men do not wish to participate. Because not all marriages in the military. And family. He is the king of Rome. The order prohibits the engagement and wedding. Wedding in Rome utterly people suffering, and while there is a great saint of that name. St. Valentine. Nassau or Valentino. Living in Rome. The Assumption and St. Marina to the front desk. Many young Christians. And wishes. This is a great Valentine was arrested and paid. Cross is still sending Valentine's greetings. His own as he is a prisoner to believe that Valentine fell in love with a woman. She was the daughter of a jailer named Julia. It was during his imprisonment. The night before Valentine to death by being beheaded. He sent a letter. Finally, to end that Julia was "From Your Valentine"..February 14, AD 270, after which his body was. Stored in the church-Benz (Praxedes) at Rome, Julius R. West, it has grown. Or almond mm pink near the grave of Valentino Nassau upon the love of her today. In the West, it is pink. Of eternal love and friendship and beautiful words are the words used. To the present. Although preliminary. After the fact, it's Valentine's Day. The obscurity is a myth. But the story continues. Demonstrated courage and compassion that one of the most romantic. It is not surprising. That during the Middle Ages, Valentine was a saint. The most famous in Britain and France. The priest in the Roman Catholic Church chose to celebrate February 14 as the date. The festival of love, and it seems to It is customary for young men to choose. Young women who self-complacency in the day. The successor to this day.Each country has a tradition of Valentine's or. Practices vary somewhat. But overall. There will be a celebration and a demonstration of love.With the same. Later, when the growth of the technology. The print out is printed on the card. The greeting replaces the handwritten letter. And today it is sending greeting cards online order.To the advancement of information technology to help. People want.Show love and care. People who love this Valentine's Day history more quickly. It's not coming back. To the present. As far as I can find a few. Only one of many. But the real history is, however, today we have a Valentine's Day. Today it is one day in the history, you can send flowers, candy and cards to indicate the implications for your special day is the day we send it. Something to do ...